Linear regression coefficients and relative 95% CIs coming from crude models and from multivariate models investigating the association of independent variables in relation to T2D and intermediate variables (n=number of countries)
| Variates | Crude β coefficient (95% CI) | Adjusted (urban percentage) β coefficient (95% CI) | Adjusted (agglomeration index) β coefficient (95% CI) | |||
| N | T2D | N | T2D | N | T2D | |
| Urban percentage | 207 | 0.048* (0.022 to 0.074) | 126 | −0.024 (−0.058 to 0.009) | – | – |
| Agglomeration index | 162 | 0.082* (0.058 to 0.105) | – | – | 109 | 0.054* (0.019 to 0.089) |
| Obesity | 187 | 0.281* (0.233 to 0.329) | 126 | 0.233* (0.149 to 0.317) | 109 | 0.148* (0.052 to 0.244) |
| Physical inactivity | 143 | 0.204* (0.142 to 0.265) | 126 | 0.142* (0.085 to 0.199) | 109 | 0.106* (0.045 to 0.167) |
| Sugar consumption | 173 | 0.114* (0.075 to 0.152) | 126 | 0.016 (−0.044 to 0.076) | 109 | 0.011 (−0.056 to 0.078) |
| GDP per capita | 183 | 0.020 (−0.018 to 0.057) | 126 | −0.060 (−0.103 to −0.017) | 109 | −0.069 (−0.108 to −0.031) |
| N | Physical inactivity | N | Physical inactivity | N | Physical inactivity | |
| Urban percentage | 143 | 0.210* (0.136 to 0.283) | 136 | 0.128* (0.033 to 0.224) | – | – |
| Agglomeration index | 118 | 0·261* (0.185 to 0.336) | – | – | 112 | 0.203* (0.111 to 0.295) |
| Obesity | 141 | 0.461* (0.305 to 0.617) | 136 | 0.359* (0.185 to 0.532) | 112 | 0.216 (−0.006 to 0.437) |
| GDP per capita | 138 | 0.182* (0.080 to 0.285) | 136 | −0.007 (−0.126 to 0.111) | 112 | 0.025 (−0.082 to 0.132) |
| N | Obesity | N | Obesity | N | Obesity | |
| Urban percentage | 187 | 0.229* (0.170 to 0.288) | 126 | 0.045 (−0.027 to 0.117) | – | – |
| Agglomeration index | 153 | 0.234* (0.177 to 0.290) | – | – | 109 | 0.040 (−0.031 to 0.110) |
| Physical inactivity | 141 | 0.429* (0.284 to 0.574) | 126 | 0.112 (−0.008 to 0.233) | 109 | 0.109 (−0.012 to 0.231) |
| Sugar consumption | 166 | 0.457* (0·388 to 0.525) | 126 | 0.432* (0.328 to 0.535) | 109 | 0.426* (0.317 to 0.534) |
| GDP per capita | 178 | 0.236* (0.151 to 0.321) | 126 | −0.015 (−0.107 to 0.077) | 109 | 0.020 (−0.059 to 0.981) |
| N | Sugar consumption | N | Sugar consumption | N | Sugar consumption | |
| Urban percentage | 173 | 0.370* (0.283 to 0.457) | 165 | 0.242* (0·.136 to 0.347) | – | – |
| Agglomeration index | 148 | 0.375* (0.282 to 0.468) | – | – | 143 | 0.280* (0.186 to 0.373) |
| GDP per capita | 165 | 0.451* (0.339 to 0.563) | 165 | 0.273* (0.141 to 0.404) | 143 | 0.305* (0.193 to 0.417) |
*p Value <0.005.
GDP, gross domestic product; T2D, type 2 diabetes.